Proto-Harappan Settlements were not continued to Sind and the Punjab only. They are found in Northern Rajasthan (former Bikaner state) also and possibly extended further west wards into the Ganga plain.

         The pottery from Sothi in the ancient Drishadvati valley discovered by Shri A. Ghosh was so distinctive that he designated it as representative of Sothi Culture.

         Since the Harappan city overlies the earlier Proto-Harappan, clear house plans of the earlier city are not available. But in some houses we have evidence of ovens and the well-aligned land between a row of houses. There is also evidence of mud-brick fortification exposed on the southern, western, and northern sides of Kali Banga.

        It is interesting that like Amri and Kot Diji Kali Banga should also yield stone blades which are not only small but made on agate and chalcedony; some are serrated and baked.

        Copper was known, as it is attested by copper-bead as well as a celt and few other objects. The existence of wheel conveyance is proved by a cartwheel having a single hub. The pottery has six fabrics, all wheel made, as at Kot Diji, but unlike Amri, where in the lowest levels, the majority was hand-made.

        Though not Carbon-dated, on comparative rounds, the Amri Culture is placed before 2,500 B.C.

         In marked contrast to the localized village-cultures is the Indus Civilization, also known as the Harappa Civilization or Harappa Culture after the site in the Punjab where it was first identified.

        From Sutkagen dor in Southern Baluchistan to Alamgirpur in the Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh, the known western and eastern limits of the Indus Civilization, it is a distance of over 1,550 km. From north to south, it extends over 1,100 km. between Rupar in Punjab and Bhagatrav in the Kim estuary in Gujarat.      

     Whether it is Harappa or Mohenjo-Daro, Kali Banga or Lothal, the most striking character is systematic town-planning; the streets oriented north-south and east-west, produced a grid-pattern. Flanking the streets and similarly oriented lanes and by-lanes were well-planned houses, which in the case of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were almost invariably made of kiln-burnt bricks. Elsewhere in the contemporary world, mudbricks and wattle-and-daub were the usual building materials, and burnt-bricks were altogether unknown.

         A house comprised a central courtyard, three to four living rooms, a bath and a kitchen, while the more elaborate ones contained even up to thirty rooms and were often two-storied. Many of the houses were provided with a well, and there was an excellent underground drainage system.

        TOWN-PLANNING went further. At Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro and Kali Banga, there are two blocks of mounds-the large one on the east and a smaller one on the west. While the large block was the ‘lower’ city with its houses and streets laid out in the manner described above, the other seems to have been a citadel enclosed by a thick (13 meters at Harappa) mud-brick wall, externally revetted with burnt bricks, corner towers, and occasional bastions built along the length.

        No separate fortified mound has been found at Lothal, the conception of an acropolis seems to have existed, as may be inferred from the presence of a huge platform over which are situated the more important and large structures.